Climacostomum Climacostomum virens Stock W-24

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Environmental Data
Principle Investigator(s)	Giulio Petroni
External sample ID	Climacostomum virens Stock W-24
NCGR Sample ID	MMETSP1397
Sample accession number	CAM_SMPL_003173
Assembly accession number	CAM_ASM_000891
Combined Assembly Name	N/A
Genus	Climacostomum
Species	Climacostomum virens
Strain	Stock W-24
Clonal	Unknown
Axenic	No
Prelim. NCBI Taxon ID	49980
18S rRNA	TAGTCATATGCTTGTCTCAAAGATTAAGCCATGCATGTGTGAGTATAAGTGTTATACAGCGAGACTGCGAATGGCTCATTACAACAGTTATAGTTCACTTGTGAGGCGTGTATATGGATAACCGTAGTAATTCTAGAGCTAATACATGCTGGTTGCGCAGTGCGCAGCATTTATTAGATAAAACCCAGCGGAGCAATCCGGTGAGGAGTCATAGTAACTGAGCGAACTTCTCAGAAGTGACACATTCAAGTTTCTGCCCTATCAGCTTTCGATGGTAGTGTATTGGACTACCATGGCGATGACGGGTGACGGAGAATTAGGGTTCGATTCCGGAGAGGGAGCCTGAGAAATGGCTACCACATCCAAGGAAGGCAGCAGGCGCGCAAATTACCCAATCCTGACTCAGGGAGGTAGTGACAAGAAATAACAACGCTAGGACTTTGTCCTGCGATTGGAATGAGTACAACGTAAAATCCTTAACGAGTACCCACTGGAGGGCAAGTCTGGTGCCAGCAGCCGCGGTAATTCCAGCTCCAGTAGCGTATATTAAAGTTGTTGCAGTTAAAAAGCTCGTAGTTGAACCTCTGCGACGCGAGCAGCGAGCTTCGGCAAGCAGCGGACGTCGCATCCACCTGTTAGCAGTCAGCTATTGAGTTAGCGAGCTGTGACCAGGTAGTTTACCTTGAGAAAATTAGAGTGTTCCAGGCAGGCGGTCGCCTGAATAGTGCAGCATGGAATAATAGAAGAGGACTGAACTCATTTATTGGTGTTATGGGTTCGGTGATGATTGATAGGGACAGTTGGGGGCATTCGTATTTAATTGTCAGAGGTGAAATTCTTGGATTAATTAAAGACGAACTTCTGCGAAAGCATTTGCCAAGGATGTTTTCATTAATCAAGAACGAAAGTTAAGGGATCAAAGACGATCAGATACCGTCGTAGTCTTAACCATAAACGATGCCGACTAGAGATTGGAGAAGCCATTCCAGACTTCTTCAGCATCTTCCGAGAAATCAAAGTCTTTGGGTTCTGGGGGGAGTATGGTCGCAAGACTGAAACTTAAAGGAATTGACGGAAGGGCACCACCAGGAGTGGAGCCTGCGGCTTAATTTGACTCAACACGGGGAAACTTACCAGGTCCAGACATGGGAAGGATTGACAGACTGAAAGATCTTTCTTGATTCTATGGGTGGTGGTGCATGGCCGTTCTTAGTTGGTGGAGTGATCTGTCTGGTTAATTCCGATAACGAACGAGACCTCAGCCTGCTAACTAGTCGCCACTGGTTCCAGTGACGGACTTCTTAGAGGGACTTTAGGAGCGATCCTAAGGAAGCTTGAGGCAATAACAGGTCTGTGATGCCCTTAGATGTCCTGGGCCGCACGCGCGCTACACTGATACAGGCAACAAGTTCCGCGACAGACATGTCCCGGGAACCTTCAAACTGTATCGTGATGGGGATTGACTCTTGTAATTATTGGTCATGAACGAGGAATTCCTAGTAAACGCAAGTCATCAGCTTGCATTGACTACGTCCCTGCCCTTTGTACACACCGCCCGTCGCTCCTACCGATTTGAGTGACGAGGTGAACCCTCCGGACTGGCCTTCCACGGCTAGGAAGTTGAGTAAACCTCTTCACTTAGAGGAAGGAGAAGTCGTAA
Importance of organism and transcriptomes	Climacostomum virens (Ehrenberg, 1833) is a non-contractile freshwater heterotrich ciliate which can be easily cultured in laboratory. In the last years, it attracted the interest of researchers of different fields, such as ecology, physiology, ethology, and pharmacology. This ciliate usually contains a symbiotic Chlorella, that can be cultivated also outside its host (Reisser et al., 1984), and in addition it represents the first evidence in ciliates of successful infection of aposymbiotic specimens with algae by microinjections (Karajan et al., 2007). C. virens is currently deeply studied as a model in predator-prey interaction with other protists or microinvertebrates. Its subpellicular ejectable cortical granules (extrusomes) contain a toxic secondary metabolite called climacostol that is mainly used in chemical defense against predators (Miyake et al., 2003). Climacostol belongs to the bioactive resorcinolic lipids family (mainly found in algae and fungi) and represents the first report of these substances in protists. This toxin has been recently chemically synthesized (Masaki et al., 2004; Fiorini et al., 2010) and found to show a different degree of citotoxicity in other ciliates (Buonanno & Ortenzi, 2010). It is shown that its toxicity is probably accomplished by the inhibition of mitochondrial respiration (Muto et al., 2010). In addition it was proved that climacostol can induce a programmed cell death (apoptosis) in human tumor cell lines, with non-tumor cells proving significantly more resistant to it (Buonano et al., 2008; Fiorini et al., 2010). This toxin is also recently studied for its antibiotic properties against some procariotic and fungal pathogens (Petrelli et al., 2012). Taken as a whole, together with these investigations mainly performed in the metabolomic field, a trascriptome of this ciliate will certainly provide new research opportunities for protistologists, physiologists and evolutionary biologists.
Additional citations and references	Lynn DH. 2008. The ciliated protozoa. Characterization, classification, and guide to the literature. Germany: Springer, 3rd edition.
Primary citation for organism's characterization, if available	Miyake, A., Buonanno, F., Saltalamacchia, P., Masaki, M.E., Iio, H., 2003. Chemical defence by means of extrusive cortical granules in the heterotrich ciliate Climacostomum virens. Eur. J. Protistol. 39, 25?36
Sample material (e.g. "seawater," "sediment," etc.)	Freshwater
ENVO term for habitat - primary term	Aquatic: freshwater
Habitat	freshwater habitat
Country	RUSSIAN FEDERATION
Experimental Data
Date of experiment	15-DEC-12
Growth medium	freshwater
Temperature (ºC)	19
pH	8.2
Prey organism, if applicable (genus and species)	bacteria
Investigation type	Eukaryotes